Electric vehicle charging technologies: topologies, modulation, and control

Electric vehicle (EV) chargers are the primary systems that enable the exchange of energy between the vehicle battery and the AC electricity grid. Charging systems are based on power electronic converter platforms that are operated using sophisticated control strategies that enable specific performance objectives to be realised. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the fundamental elements that form the basis of EV chargers. The chapter begins with an overview of the critical charger classifications, specifications and standards. Next, a review of the fundamental knowledge underpinning power electronic topologies and their operating principles is provided. Single-phase on-board chargers (OBCs) are then described, including unidirectional and bidirectional variants. The chapter then provides a review of three-phase chargers, including two-stage, integrated and modular variations, before briefly discussing wireless charging systems. The control of EV chargers is more complex and less standardised compared to distributed generation since the operating requirements for EV chargers are still being refined in response to fast-changing standards and regulations. Similarly, conversion technologies are continuously advancing, resulting in a wide variety of solutions. To address this evolving scenario, this chapter outlines the essential control features required for modern chargers to operate in different modes, the control architectures for dual-stage chargers and single-stage chargers and the principles that underpin grid-side and battery-side control.<p></p>