Gold Nanoparticle Biodistribution and Toxicity: Role of Biological Corona in Relation with Nanoparticle Characteristics

It has long been acknowledged that parameters such as nanoparticlesize, shape, and surface charge play distinct roles in the way nanomaterials interact with their surrounding biological environment. However, the importance of a nanoparticle's biological corona and the magnitude of its effect have become subject of recent attention. For the purpose of this chapter, we intend to consider the biological corona as the layer of organic molecules, typically proteins, derived from biological systems that bind to nanoparticle surfaces when nanoparticles are exposed to a biological environment. The protein corona has profound implications on cellular uptake and toxicity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), though a deeper understanding of the properties that govern corona formation would provide a greater opportunity for scientists to create tailored AuNPs for specific applications. Specifically, the information provided in this chapter predominantly deals with AuNPs; however these principles are likely to be extended to other nanomaterials.