Effective public administration is considered an important driving force in the social-economic development of nations. Constant changes in the demand and expectations of citizens, competitiveness of business environment and advanced technology force governments around the world to stay focused on their reform agenda. In this chapter, the efforts and reality of Vietnam’s public administration reform (PAR) for the past two decades will be discussed. The transition from a command economy to a more market-based economy has necessitated a new model of public administration.