Public Open Spaces, Children’s Independent Mobility

The health benefits of children engaging in at least 60 min of moderate-to- vigorous physical activity (MVPA) daily are well documented, including improved musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular risk profiles, and aerobic fit- ness and better psychological well-being. Many Western countries have indi- cated a decline in physical activity over recent decades. Emerging research shows that children who engage in outdoor activities and travel to destinations using active modes (i.e., walking, cycling) accumulate higher levels of physical activity than those that do not. Over recent decades, research interest has focused on children's independent outdoor play and active travel to destinations within their neighborhood, including journeys to and from school without adult accompaniment. Engaging in independent mobility has two important benefits for children. Firstly, engaging in non-formalized activity practices helps children attain daily physical activity recommendations, which in turn, generates significant health benefits. Secondly, independent mobility has an important role in fostering children's physical, social, emotional, cognitive, and spatial development; this carries into adult life. A growing body of evidence suggests that the use of public open spaces, including parks and green spaces, is associated with many health and well-being benefits of urban dwellers. Public open spaces are also recognized as important settings to promote physical activity and children's independent mobility, not only because of purpose-built infrastructure (e.g., playgrounds) but also as easily accessible destinations for unstructured activities such as walking, cycling, and informal outdoor play. This chapter first provides an overview of children's independent mobility and thereafter synthesizes the literature related to public open spaces within the context of children's activity and independent mobility.