Regulation and Freedom on Europe's “City Beaches”

A wide range of temporary artificial 'city beaches' have been installed on both public and privately-owned sites in Germany and France by local governments, community organizations, and private entrepreneurs. This work examines their varied management regimes, government regulation, and actual visitor behaviors. It considers the different kinds of freedoms that such beach environments might allow, how these freedoms are allocated among different people, and how they can change over time. This analysis is based on field observation, interviews with site managers, and analysis of policies and regulations.<p></p>