Cybersecurity Trends in Low-Altitude Air Traffic Management

Cybersecurity is a well-recognised issue in the aviation context but effective protection measures have not been implemented yet. Moreover, Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms and autonomous technologies are driving innovation, especially with Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)-based commercial transportation methods, which implies the need for enhanced capabilities in critical infrastructures such as Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS), as well as ground networks. Cybercrime is, therefore, seriously threatening the safety of traditional ATM and future UAS Traffic Management (UTM). These threats have gradually evolved from traditional invasion methods to AI-based techniques. Further uptake of AI technologies in aviation is bound to increase the complexity and interdependence of CNS/ATM systems, resulting in an increase in the attack surface. Therefore, it is necessary to address both existing and emerging cyber threats by exploiting AI algorithms and developing adequate defences. This paper analyses a number of cybersecurity issues that are potentially encountered in ATM and UTM systems. The various possible threat agents and threat targets are categorised based on goals, motivations and capabilities. Additionally, the possible attack and corresponding defence methods based on traditional and AI-based techniques are defined and discussed using relevant case studies.