Intelligent battery management for electric and hybrid electric vehicles: A Survey

In this paper we present an overview of the state-of-the-art on intelligent battery management systems for electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The focus is on mathematical principles, methods and practical implementations. The intelligent battery management systems aim at lengthening the lifetime of the battery pack and enhancing the safety of drivers of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Three major research topics are covered in the paper, state of charge (SoC), state of health (SoH) of the battery pack, and the remaining driving range estimation.