A centenary review of transport planning in Canberra, Australia

For the most important periods in its 100-year history, Canberra, Australia, has been planned around the car, with eliminating traffic congestion the number one planning goal. During the last decade, this vision of Canberra has been increasingly questioned, with both Territory and Commonwealth planning bodies advocating a more 'transit-oriented' urban form. Trends in transport usage rates and mode shares have not, however, followed the new planning directions: the car remains dominant, while public transport usage rates remain much lower than those achieved in Canberra in past decades.The 2013 centenary of Canberra offers an opportunity to review the development of one of the world's few comprehensively planned capital cities. This paper explores the reasons behind Canberra's apparent 'love affair' with the car, and corresponding poor public transport performance. It traces trends in policies and usage rates over the last half-century. In particular, it explores the remarkable, but largely forgotten, transport turnaround that took place in Canberra between the mid-1970s and mid-1980s. Transport policy changes introduced by a reformist federal government saw public transport usage rates double in a decade, while car usage stopped growing.For a time it appeared that the national capital was leading the way towards a transit-oriented future. Significantly, the turnaround was achieved without any substantial change to Canberra's density and urban form. However, road-oriented planners reasserted control and the gains of the mid-1970s to mid-1980s were lost. Also lost was memory of the transport policies that produced these gains: the period was 'written out' of histories of Canberra's planning.The paper concludes by considering the extent to which transport policy and urban form have contributed to the changes in transport performance in Canberra over the decades.