A correlation for predicting solids holdup in the dilute pneumatic conveying flow regime of circulating and interconnected fluidised beds

Theoretical modelling, design and operation of circulating and interconnected fluidized beds require an accurate prediction of solids holdup in the fully developed pneumatic conveying flow regime of the riser (i.e. the upper section of the riser). Existing empirical and semi-empirical solids holdup correlations have exhibited limited accuracy and application range. In this study, an empirical correlation was developed to predict the solids holdup at the upper section of the riser in circulating and interconnected fluidized beds with an improved level of accuracy for a broad range of operating conditions and riser dimensions. The correlation is based on a group of dimensionless quantities, which are typically used to describe the hydrodynamics of gas-solids fluidized beds, taking into account gas and particle properties, riser dimensions, and solid circulation rate. The reduced solids flux phenomenon also has been considered directly by introducing a system dependent exponent in the correlation. The correlation predicted 90% of the experimental data with an average deviation of 15%. The correlation is applicable for particle Reynolds numbers between 3.7 and 366.