A review on porous negative electrodes for high performance lithium-ion batteries

Today's lithium(Li)-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely adopted as the power of choice for small electronic devices through to large power systems such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) or electric vehicles (EVs). However, it falls short of meeting the demands of new markets in the area of EVS or HEVs due to insufficient energy density, poor rate capability, and low cyclic life. Introduction of porous electrode materials represents one of the most attractive strategies to dramatically enhance battery performance such as capacity, rate capability, cycling life, and safety. In this paper, the applications of porous negative electrodes for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries and properties of porous structure have been reviewed. Porous carbon with other anode materials and metal oxide's reaction mechanisms also have been elaborated. The purpose of this review is to give a broad overview of the recent scientific researches and developments of porous negative electrodes and indicate future trends in anode development of porous materials as a replacement for graphite in LIBs.