Assessing the performance of multi-frequency GPS, Galileo and BeiDou PPP ambiguity resolution

The authors investigate the benefits for the precise point positioning (PPP) ambiguity resolution technique of using the GPS L1, L2 and L5; Galileo E1, E5a, E5b and E6; and BeiDou B1, B2 and B3 measurements. Data from 17 reference stations over a period of 31 consecutive days in 2018 were used. It was found that the four-frequency Galileo combination of E1+E5a+E5b+E6 provides the lowest geometric and ambiguity variance. In a kinematic test using triple- and four-frequency GNSS measurements, the solution convergence time can be shortened by an average of 5 minutes as compared to the triple-frequency GPS-only PPP case.