Biological performances of titanium scaffolds: a review

Titanium and titanium alloys scaffolds have been widely explored in many load-bearing orthopaedic applications due to their excellent strength and corrosion resistance. However, their biocompatibility is also an important concern in these applications due to adverse reactions of metallic ions with the surrounding tissues after these metallic ions are released from implant surfaces. To respond on the challenge of producing a biocompatible material, a review on structural properties and surface treatments on titanium scaffolds and their effects on biological responses (in vitro and in vivo) are briefly presented.