Carbon dots functionalized by organosilane with double-sided anchoring for nanomolar Hg2+ detection

Surface functional groups on carbon dots (CDs) play a critical role in defining their photoluminescence properties and functionalities. A new kind of organosilane-functionalized CDs (OS-CDs) were formed by a low temperature (150 degrees C) solvothermal synthesis of citric acid in N-(beta-aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropylmethyl-dimethoxysilane (AEAPMS). Uniquely, the as-synthesized OS-CDs have dual long chain functional groups with both -NH2 and -Si(OCH3)(3) as terminal moieties. Double sided anchoring of AEAPMS on CDs occurs, facilitated by the water produced (and confined at the interface between CDs and solvent) when citric acid condenses into the carbon core. The resultant OS-CDs are multi-solvent dispersible, and more significantly, they exhibit excellent selectivity and sensitivity to Hg2+ with a linear detection range of 0-50 nM and detection limit of 135 nM. The sensitivity and selectivity to Hg2+ is preserved in highly complex fluids with a detection limit of 1.7 nM in spiked 1 M NaCl solution and a detection limit of 50 nM in municipal wastewater effluent. The results show that the OS-CDs synthesised by the solvothermal method in AEAPMS may be used as an effective Hg2+ sensor in practical situations.