Error-Related Neural Responses Recorded by Electroencephalography During Post-stroke Rehabilitation Movements

Error-related potential (ErrP) based assist-as-needed robot-therapy can be an effective rehabilitation method. To date, several studies have shown the presence of ErrP under various task situations. However, in the context of assist-as-needed methods, the existence of ErrP is unexplored. Therefore, the principal objective of this study is to determine if an ErrP can be evoked when a subject is unable to complete a physical exercise in a given time. Fifteen stroke patients participated in an experiment that involved performing a physical rehabilitation exercise. Results showed that the electroencephalographic (EEG) response of the trials, where patients failed to complete the exercise, against the trials, where patients successfully completed the exercise, significantly differ from each other, and the resulting difference of event-related potentials resembles the previously reported ErrP signals as well as has some unique features. Along with the highly statistically significant difference, the trials differ in time-frequency patterns and scalp distribution maps. In summary, the results of the study provide a novel basis for the detection of the failure against the success events while executing rehabilitation exercises that can be used to improve the state-of-the-art robot-assisted rehabilitation methods.