Eye Machines: Robot Eye, Vision and Gaze

This article analyses three aspects of human and robotic eyes: (1) the eye as an object that evokes visceral reactions from observers when it is exposed or threatened; (2) the eye and brain, sensor and computer as mediators of vision and interpreters of visual worlds; and (3) the gaze as a mode of communication in interpersonal/human–robot interaction. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, this article draws on neuroscience, human–robot interaction, critical humanities, feminism and film studies to interrogate these three aspects of eyes as they relate to the design, theorisation and experience of social robots. We argue that some of the meanings and imaginaries associated with biological eyes are transferred and translated into robotic eyes, vision and gaze, or eye machines, following the tendency towards anthropomorphism. These imaginaries are made visible particularly in science fiction. We argue that photography, the cinematic apparatus, digital sensors and artificial intelligence are not only engineering innovations but have also contributed to transformations in the contemporary collective visual world. Our multimethod cultural studies analysis of eye machines has relevance for cultural theorists, designers and engineers.