Fabricating Bioactive 3D Metal–Organic Framework Devices

Transforming the future capability to protect and restore vulnerable environments hinges on the ability to monitor them in real-time with ever-increasing sensitivity. Combining the precision and proficiency of biomolecules to signal the presence of low-level toxins is key to developing water system monitoring that enables fast detection and remediation of pollution. Here, a 3D flow sensor is developed incorporating enzymes which can signal the presence of organic toxins from water systems over extended periods of time. The enzymes are encapsulated in a porous, crystalline metal–organic framework (MOF) cage, providing protection and stability. The inline flow device features a cutting-edge 3D-printed design to maximize flow and interfacial interactions between the encapsulated organophosphate degrading enzyme (OpdA) and the organophosphate based pollutants. The OpdA produces a yellow product on decomposition of the pollution that signals its presence. The porous protective MOF coating is key to this technology, structurally securing the enzyme while allowing the flow of reactant and thus the continuous breakdown of organic pollution over several days.