Improved tracklet association for space objects using short-arc optical measurements

Initial orbit determination (IOD) for space objects is challenging, especially in the case where only optical observations, i.e. angles-only observations, are available and the optical observing arcs are very short (i.e. the too-short arc (TSA) problem). One approach to address the TSA problem is to associate several short-arc tracklets to targets across varying time intervals. In order to achieve better association and run-time performance, this study proposes an improvement to the traditional initial value problem (IVP) solution that determines the association by searching for the global minimum of a new loss function defined in a nonsingular canonical space. The improved IVP method was validated using optical data of space objects at different altitudes collected from the Mount Stromlo Observatory and compared with traditional IVP and another popular tracklet association method: the boundary value problem (BVP) approach. Results illustrate that the improved IVP method is superior to IVP and BVP in terms of association performance, and it also achieves good run-time performance. In addition, traditional methods suffer the drawback of incorrectly associating tracklets from different objects in the same constellation. A new approach dubbed the common ellipse method is presented to address this issue. The common ellipse method is tested with 86 Iridium constellation tracklets, and results show that it significantly improves the true negative rate for the tested scenario.