Individualism and collectivism: a framework for examining career programs through a cultural lens

Cultural diversity and the cultural context of adolescent career development are explored through the lens of the cultural syndromes of individualism and collectivism.The individualist cultural value orientation of some of the main theoretical perspectives that underpin career education and counselling practice in schools is highlighted.In particular,the self-concept and career maturity segments of Super's lifespan, lifespace theory, career interests,career decision making and the career counselling process are examined with reference to the cultural syndromes of individualism and collectivism. Also discussed is the potential inappropriateness of theoretical perspectives that reflect an individualist cultural value orientation for the career development of all students. Finally, Leong and Serafica's cultural accommodation approach to enhancing the cultural relevance of existing career theories and models is outlined. Some examples of strategies are presented that might fill cultural gaps, which may exist in career education and counselling practices in schools.