Limitations of coherent diffractive imaging of single objects due to their damage by intense x-ray radiation

During the coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) of a single object with an intense x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) pulse, the structure of the object changes due to the progressing radiation damage. Electrons are released from atoms and ions during photo-, Auger- and collisional ionization processes. More and more ions appear in the sample. The repulsive force between ions makes them move apart. Form factors of the created ions are reduced when compared with the atomic form factors. Additional scattering of energetic photons from the free electrons confined within the beam focus deteriorates the obtained diffractive signal. Here, we consider pulses short enough to neglect ionic movement and investigate how (i) the decrease of atomic form factors due to the progressing ionization of the sample and (ii) the scattering from the free electrons influence the signal obtained during the CDI. We quantify the loss of structural information about the object due to these effects with hydrodynamic simulations. Our study has implications for the experiments planned on high-resolution three-dimensional imaging of single reproducible particles with x-ray FELs.