Nanogravel structured NiO/Ni foam as electrode for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Nanogravel structured NiO/Ni electrodes were fabricated by using two-step thermal oxidation method of commercial nickel (Ni) foam in air for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The macro- and micro-structures of the NiO/Ni foam were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and Raman spectroscopy. Galvanostatic tests revealed that the electrode exhibits no obvious capacity fading over 40 cycles at 1 C (718 mAg< sup>-1< /sup>) and 2.5 C (1.8 Ag< sup>-1< /sup>) current rate. The discharge capacity was higher than the theoretical capacity of NiO even at a high-current rate of 2.5 C. The electrodes can deliver a reversible capacity of 1116.65 mAh g< sup>-1< /sup> after 20th cycle at 1 C rate and 1026.20 mAh g< sup>-1< /sup> after 40th cycle at 2.5 C rate. The cyclic voltammograms and impedance spectra analysis indicated that a redox reaction of NiO-Ni< sup>0< /sup> with formation and decomposition of Li< inf>2< /inf>O. The excellent electrochemical performance is mainly attributed to the nanogravel structure of the NiO/Ni foam electrodes as well as its excellent electrical contact between NiO and Ni. The unique nanostructured NiO on the highly conductive metallic Ni in core resulted in the enhanced discharge capacity, coulombic efficiency, cyclic stability, and rate capability when utilized as negative electrodes in LIBs.