Nonsingular Field-Only Surface Integral Equations for Electromagnetic Scattering

A boundary integral formulation of electromagnetics that involves only the components of E and H is derived without the use of surface currents that appear in the classical Poggio and Miller, Chang and Harrington, and Wu and Tsai formulation. The kernels of the boundary integral equations for E and H are nonsingular so that all field quantities at the surface can be determined to high precision and also geometries with closely spaced surfaces present no numerical difficulties. Quadratic elements can readily be used to represent the surfaces so that the surface integrals can be calculated to higher numerical precision than using planar elements for the same numbers of degrees of freedom.