Oxide-based cathode materials for rechargeable zinc ion batteries: Progresses and challenges

With the increasing demands for electrical energy storage technologies, rechargeable zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) have been rapidly developed in recent years owing to their high safety, low cost and high energy storage capability. The cathode is an essential part of ZIBs, which hosts zinc ions and determines the capacity, rate and cycling performance of the battery. The mainstream cathodes for ZIBs are oxide-based materials with tunnel, layer or 3D crystal structures. In this review, we mainly focus on the latest advanced oxide-based cathode materials in ZIBs, including manganese oxides, vanadium oxides, spinel compounds, and other metal oxide based cathodes. In addition, the mechanisms of zinc storage and recent development in cathode design have been discussed in detail. Finally, current challenges and perspectives for the future research directions of oxide-based cathodes in ZIBs are presented.