Planning for social inclusion? What planners from Glasgow, Melbourne and Toronto say

Drawing on interviews with planners implementing metropolitan plans for Glasgow, Melbourne and Toronto in 2005 and 2006, this article examines the extent to which planners can effectively plan for social inclusion. It assesses their views in the context of 'actual existing neo-liberalism', concluding that while some believe in its importance, planning for social inclusion is not often realized in practice. Why this might be and how it could be accomplished is then considered.