Real-time clamp force measurement in electromechanical brake calipers

In brake-by-wire systems, central controllers require accurate information about the clamp force between the brake pad and the disc as a function of pad displacement, which is usually denoted as the characteristic curve of the caliper. Due to aging, temperature, and other environmental variations, caliper characteristic curves vary with time. Therefore, automatic caliper calibration in real-time is vital for high-performance braking action and vehicle safety. Due to memory and processing-power limitations, the calibration technique should be memory efficient and of low computational complexity. In a typical electromechanicalbraking- system design, clamp force measurement variations with actuator displacement is hysteretic. This paper introduces a simple and memory-efficient real-time calibration technique in which a clamp-force model is fitted to the data samples around each hysteresis cycle. The model includes a Maxwell-slip model for the hysteresis caused by friction. Experimental results from the data recorded in various temperatures show that the proposed technique results in clamp forcemeasurements with less than 0.7% error over the range of clamp-force variations. It is also shown that, by using these measurements, the characteristic curve can be accurately calibrated in real-time.