An Exploratory Investigation into Waste Management in the Fashion and Textile Industry of Bangladesh through a Circular Economy Perspective

<p dir="ltr">This thesis explores the readiness of Bangladesh’s Ready-Made Garments (RMG) and textiles industry to transition from a traditional linear economic model to a circular economy (CE). Using a mixed-methods approach, the study examines how various stakeholders - manufacturers, brands, and recyclers - understand and apply CE principles. It also investigates the challenges they face and opportunities available through recycling technologies and sustainability initiatives. </p><p dir="ltr">The global fashion and textile sector is one of the most resource-intensive and environmentally damaging industries, consuming large quantities of water and energy while generating significant waste. As one of the largest exporters in this sector, Bangladesh is under growing pressure to adopt sustainable practices. The linear model of “take-make-dispose” is proving unsustainable due to its heavy reliance on resources and high levels of waste. In contrast, CE promotes reuse, repair, recycling, and waste reduction, aiming to extend the life cycle of materials and reduce environmental impact. </p><p dir="ltr">Although CE is widely discussed at the global level, its practical application in developing- country manufacturing remains underexplored. This study addresses that gap by focusing on Bangladesh’s RMG sector, a major contributor to both the national economy and the global fashion supply chain. The research is timely, as international brands are increasingly requiring sustainability from suppliers, creating both pressure and opportunity for transformation. </p><p dir="ltr">The study employs concurrent mixed-methods research design. It begins with a quantitative survey involving 125 stakeholders across the supply chain and follows with in-depth interviews with 13 participants. Survey data were analysed using descriptive statistics, while interview data were explored using open, axial, and selective coding to extract key themes. This combination allows for a broad overview and deeper insights into current practices and challenges. </p><p dir="ltr">Findings show that awareness of CE is increasing, but a full understanding of its scope remains limited. Most stakeholders associate CE with environmental goals such as waste reduction and energy efficiency. However, fewer consider its broader dimensions, including economic value creation, social inclusion, and closed-loop supply chains. This limited view restricts more comprehensive adoption of CE practices. </p><p dir="ltr">Some circular activities are already being implemented, such as reusing production waste and limited-scale recycling. Pre-consumer textile waste - such as fabric scraps - is often sold or reused informally. Post-consumer waste, however, remains largely unmanaged due to a lack of infrastructure and low consumer participation. Recycling efforts are inconsistent, often relying on informal systems without regulatory oversight or standardisation. </p><p dir="ltr">Several structural and institutional barriers limit broader CE adoption. These include weak policy frameworks, low levels of government support, and limited investment in recycling infrastructure. High import taxes on recycled materials discourage manufacturers from exploring alternatives to virgin inputs. Technological limitations, particularly for recycling blended fabrics and ensuring safety standards of recycled outputs, pose additional challenges. </p><p dir="ltr">Another major issue is the imbalance of power in the global supply chain. Brands often dictate sustainability standards and purchasing terms but are reluctant to share the financial burden of implementing CE practices. As a result, local manufacturers - especially small and medium-sized enterprises, struggle to invest in the necessary tools, training, and technologies. Many factories operate on thin margins and cannot absorb the added risks or costs. </p><p dir="ltr">Despite these challenges, there are emerging opportunities. Mechanical recycling, which uses less energy and is more suited to the local context, is gradually expanding. Pilot projects are exploring ways to manage and recycle post-consumer waste, while some international brands are beginning to collaborate with local suppliers on circular initiatives. These early partnerships around innovation and investment signal potential for wider change. </p><p dir="ltr">Chemical recycling is also discussed as a future option, particularly for handling complex materials like blended fabrics. While not yet widespread, stakeholders view it as a long-term solution once infrastructure and investment improve. In addition, digital tools for product traceability and material tracking are being tested, which could enhance transparency and support circular business models. </p><p dir="ltr">The research draws on transition theory to understand how long-term change can occur in complex systems. This theory suggests that transformation starts with small experiments and gradually gains momentum through shifts in policy, practice, and collaboration. The study finds that Bangladesh’s RMG industry is in the early stages of this transition. Current initiatives are largely isolated, and greater coordination is needed to turn these into mainstream practices. </p><p dir="ltr">To support this transition, the thesis offers several practical recommendations. First, stronger policy and regulatory frameworks are needed to encourage circular practices, including tax incentives and import duty reforms that favour recycled materials. Second, investments in recycling infrastructure and technology must be scaled up. Third, digital platforms should be developed to support traceability and transparency across the supply chain. Fourth, industry-wide training and education programs are necessary to build awareness and capacity, particularly among smaller factories and workers. </p><p dir="ltr">Encouraging wider participation from all levels of the industry is essential. SMEs, often left out of sustainability discussions, must be included through targeted support and access to funding. Collaboration between brands, manufacturers, recyclers, and policymakers will be key to creating a more inclusive and resilient circular ecosystem. By addressing power imbalances and fostering shared responsibility, the industry can move beyond isolated efforts to adopt CE as a core business approach. </p><p dir="ltr">Overall, this thesis provides a comprehensive view of how CE is understood and practiced within Bangladesh’s RMG and textile sector. It highlights growing interest in sustainability but also significant barriers that hinder meaningful progress. Through original data collection and a structured analytical approach, the research contributes to academic literature and offers valuable guidance for policymakers and industry leaders aiming to support the country’s shift toward a more sustainable, circular future.</p>